The way I see him

Whenever I find occasion to talk to Trevor Zahra about his works -- or with his brother who often imposes his jolly self on a discussion of  Zahra the writer -- I often gather pieces of information about the backstage activity of his writing. And I have learned so many things about his preparations.

Zahra's most important characteristic as a writer is that he is very patient, and a contributing factor to his popularity is that he never claims from his reader an effort to understand the meaning and implications of his writing. He writes Maltese with grace and is never obscure. Having a mind equipped with a faculty for precise reflection, he is quite capable of expressing with lucidity subtle observations and thoughts on human nature and he makes pretty sure that his drift does not escape the reader. He takes the trouble to learn all the necessary details relating to the content of his stories and, what is equally important, he has over the years become sufficiently sensitive to the beauty of the Maltese language to write with perspicuity. We do not have to read and re-read his sentences to discover the sense, and neither do we have to guess at it for he evidently says what he intends. He is, therefore, never obscure due to negligence and he is never willfully obscure either. He is very often quite sure of the meaning he wants to convey and of the effects he wants to drag in the undertow of his import. Before he commits his pen to writing he must have a clear impression of what he wants to impart. That is to say, his story is well formulated in his mind as he starts the actual writing of his story. Then the process of composition involves his creative powers (which are never left dormant with him) and his language output becomes natural as he finds a precise expression for an idea. He thinks before and during his writing, and this means that his thoughts would have already originated by the time he puts pen to paper, or shall we say by the time he switches his computer on. But then in the process of his writing the monitor adds to the creativity as Zahra feels a sort of magic in the visible word. As the idea acquires substance it becomes clearer and dons its particular significance. His working habits do not allow him to set down his impressions in all their original vagueness and uncouth appearance and then hope for an interpreter later. He concentrates on transmitting sense as fully as possible not to reduce his writing to some meaningless verbiage.

Simplicity is the hallmark of his writing and in this case the aphorism the style is the man is proved correct. The man in Zahra is to be found in his lively prose. His fiction is imaginative and resourceful. Since he is a patient writer who spares no pains to clear the ground of his path he must have great self-control not to allow his writing become too confused and absurd. His style reveals an enthusiastic spirit that never becomes too extravagant or fantastical, and at the same time his pages have a sprinkling of metaphors and similes in their prose. They come out naturally, as they often do in teaching. The effect of ease is, of course, what the reader meet in his encounter with Zahra. It does not matter what strenuous effort the writer passes through, and it does not matter what unremitting toil his writing costs him, the resultant style shows no sign of effort. It seems a happy accident and to top it all Zahra does not hesitate to use the common language of the day, and this adds to the vividness and actuality of his style. (The translator of a Zahra work must hunt for vividness and actuality in the target language, that is his translation equivalents must contain the common phrases of the day in order to give a taste of Zahra.) Yet despite the local colour of the style the content still has a universal aptness because it is life that Zahra seeks to transmit in his literary efforts.

Role relationship

As a form of communication literature presupposes an audience and the foregoing portrait reveals a writer at pains to make his stories perspicuous and effortlessly meaningful as he observes all professional courtesies. He does not expect the reader to refine a shoddy piece of work, but at the same time he invites the reader's collaboration mainly by the role he assumes and by the tone of voice he adapts -- reflective of the speaker-hearer social convention. From what I know of the author's social and psychological background I feel safe in saying that the role he assumes in his writing is generally not a mask. He opens his inner self to his audience and allows them to search into his personality. That is why the reader does not feel Zahra to be a stranger in print. He feels he has to respond to the writer's personality. But what type of writer-reader relationship do we detect in this collection of short stories?

"Anki t-tubu ta' mas-saqaf kien qed josservani !  Anki l-kotba ta' gol-vetrina, it-tazza tal-fidda b'par widnejn kbar, ic-certifikati gol-gwarnici... ilkoll kienu rabbew l-ghajnejn u kienu qed iharsu lejja jistennewni niftah fommi. Donnhom kienu jafu li kont qed insibha bi tqila biex nibda nitkellem u minflok ma jaghmluli l-qalb kienu daru f'konfoffa kontrija, iharsu cass lejja bit-tir li jimbarazzawni. L-aghar wahda minnhom ilkoll kienet it-tazza tal-fidda... forsi t-tabib kien rebahha f'xi kompetizzjoni tat-tennis;  imma lili fakkritni minnufih f'dik l-ohra tixbahha mhux ftit li kont nara f'riglejn il-Vara l-Kbira. Darba kont staqsejt lil missieri dik x'kienet tfisser u ghalfejn iqeghduha hemmhekk.
‘Dik mimlija bid-demm tal-Bambin!' kien wegibni.’."  (Vari)

This is typical of Zahra's style. He is not conducting an argument and neither is he giving instructions or conveying information, in which cases he would have assumed dominance over the reader as he would have appeared in a position of authority. His role here is evidently that of an entertainer, putting himself at the service of the reader and declaring at the outset (even if in an implicit way) that his purpose is to make a hard world look easier through the use of figurative language and the creative use of non-figurative language. Consistent with his personality, his domain is reality (this comes out of the nature of the short story) swollen with imagination (the result of his style). And he appeals to the reader to participate in sharing his experience. The role of the entertainer in Zahra involves, therefore, that of an appellant. He wheedles his audience into partaking of his reflections and impressions, and far from assuming a dominant posture over his reader he tends to slip on the role of an inferior especially when the narrator appears the victim for whom the reader may feel sympathy.

This role of the entertainer is the principal role but it is not the only role.

Iz-ziju Kruc kien hu n-nanna. Kien surmast ta' 1-iskola tar-rahal u kien lahaq ghalliem f'dawk iz-zminijiet meta jekk jaraw li hemm tifel jipprometti u li baqa' l-iskola sas-sixth kienu jahtruh Assistent mil-lum ghal ghada u jaghtuh sold fil-gimgha paga. U ghax iz-ziju Kruc kien jipprometti ftit aktar biz-zmien lahaq Surmast. Izda skond ommi u skond nies imdahhlin fiz-zmien li kienu jafuh mill-qrib, iz-ziju Kruc ma kienx ta' min jarmih. Kien mohhu jilhaqlu gmielu, dejjem imniehru midfun f'xi ktieb tant li spicca b'nuccali donnu ghajnejn ta' skorfna. Kien baqa' ghazeb, jghix wahdu go erbat ikmamar fl-isqaq ta' wara l-knisja. Flghaxijiet kien ipoggilek fil-hanut tal-kafe’ ta' Mikiel il-Gazzu u hemm erhilu jferra' gherfu kollu fuq dawk li jduru madwaru u li kienu ghadhom jemmnu li d-dinja catta."
 (Ir-Ragel tal-Mustacci)

In a passage like this the writer dominates his reader as he dons the role of an informant. He becomes the guide directing our steps into the social history of a past era. His position of authority the reader accepts, and it complements the other role of entertainer. These different roles are reflected in elements of style and language. Textural features like the figurative language and the creation of a humorous disguise are recognised as exponents of the entertainer's role. Whereas, textual features that relate to dependent constructions are more indicative of an informant role. Other role-markers that help the writer's posture are: the repetitive use of kien that makes the narrative so definite and the sentences so factual; factual short utterances that gradually build up into a complex structure; and the resorting to reliable evidence from contemporary eye-witnesses.

The humour implied in "imniehru midfun f'xi ktieb" and in "b'nuccali donnu ghajnejn ta' skorfna"  is characteristic of  Zahra the entertainer. It is a masquerade: the readers are well aware that the nose cannot literally be buried in a book and that the spectacles are no more like the eyes of a scorpion-fish than inanimate objects ( like neon, books, cups, certificates) are like people with eyes that can see and interpret a situation. But the entertainer appeals to his audience to accept the incongruity and absurdity as comedy. The verbal drollery is only tolerable in a piece of entertaining prose.

This passage with roles following in rotation is common in Zahra. His freewheeling stylistic swoops from the serious to the humorous or burlesque necessitate various role shifts. Very often he has to play different parts simultaneously and sometimes he even has to make these parts overlap.

"Sehibna l-Gharbiel ghandu ragun," qabzet l-Iskwerra.

"Jien ukoll kont inkun ma' Mastru Gann fix-xmux t'Awissu. U meta jinsewni ghax-xemx kont ninkewa u nbaskat id Mastru Gann kull meta jahtafni. Imma kien jghozzni ghax kien jaf sewwa xi nsarraf. Ma kien jaghmel xejn minghajri. Dejjem iridni naralu li kollox skwerra kif suppost; li m'hemm xejn imxattar. Kull kantun li jasal mill-barriera kien ikun xi ftit immankat jew bix-xwieki foloz. Izda jien arani nsiblu d-difetti u nuri '1 kulhadd fejn jehtieg jinqata' jew jintnagar. Ghax difett li ma jissewwiex mill-bidu, kantun wara kantun ixattar il-hajt kollu. Ma jimpurtax jekk 1-ghodod l-ohrajn jixxellfu jew jinbarmu kemmxejn. Jekk l-Gharbiel ticcarratlu toqba ma tkunx waqghet id-dinja. Imma jiena jehtieg li dejjem inkun perfetta, minghajr 1-ebda barma. L-ebda liwja. Ghax min jiskogra jrid ikun pur. U Xoghli wkoll ta l-frott..."
    (Deheb)

In this passage Zahra commits himself to constant shifts of role. His posture changes from sentence to sentence, sometimes even from phrase to phrase. The foregrounded element in the text is the humanisation of the tools so that a spirit of anthropomorphism prevails, declaring itself openly in the personification that gives the power of speech to the mason’s set-square. This entertainer's role gradually gives way to that of an informant as the set-square meticulously explains the faults found in the stone ("Kull kantun li jasal mill- barriera kien ikun xi ftit immankat jew bix-xwieki foloz.”) Because of the personification the entertainer lurks behind some of the utterances as the set-square elaborates on its function ("Izda jien arani nsiblu d-difetti u nuri '1 kulhadd fejn jehtieg jinqata' jew jintnagar.") Then the writer dons his instructor's role as the next sentence becomes so assertive ("Ghax difett li ma jissewwiex mill-bidu, kantun wara kantun ixattar il-hajt kollu.") In the course of the rest of the paragraph the disputant spirit dominates as the set-square tries to convince the reader of its indispensability. Textual features in this disputant role are: the expressive terms of asserting ("Ma jimpurtax", "ma tkunx waqghet id-dinja") and the grammar of possibility through the use of "jekk..."  But even here roles overlap as the use of the imperative ("jehtieg li dejjem inkun perfetta", "min jiskogra jrid ikun pur”) veers the role in the direction of the instructor.

These constant role shifts are compatible with Zahra's great sense of anthropocentricism. As a matter of fact one notes that even in most of his other writings he regards and interprets the world in terms of human values and experiences. But as one role gradually yields to another the variety expresses the affability of language and relieves the boredom of explanation. Zahra must enjoy himself in the process of his creativity. Furthermore, his anthropomorphic attitude has a distractive function: it drags the reader's mind away from the technical aspect of the mason's tools, slightly disorientating him for the purpose of entertainment.

Level of discourse

The act of writing creates a situation that has to be shared by the writer and the reader. In adapting language to his readers Zahra makes his literary tone a semi-formal mode of address suitable for a style of moderate formality to create rhythms that can be intelligently read with the desired intonation. This overall semi-formal tone complements his roles in writing. The dimension of this tonal variation may be understood better by looking briefly at the degrees of formality available to the writer. Different style of language are used in diverse situations or, to put it in another way, each context of writing has its own variation so that the range of styles that reflects an author's possible adjustments to his audience is very wide. Writing in an official position requires a different level of discourse to writing to a close friend. Platform speeches are more carefully thought than colloquial material, and distinguishing between the different styles of address helps the reader to recognise the author's intent in verbal communication. Hence a distinction has to be made between formal and informal tones, with each division marking a broad category that leads to various styles so that the gradation from slang to ceremony would have to be very long.

In The Five Clocks (1961) Martin Joos distinguishes five styles which may be conveniently reduced

FORMAL LEVEL = the style of language may be official, solemn, affected, aloof, ceremonious, reserved, conventional, punctilious, or even frozen (as Joos calls the detached style of printed notices). In formal styles writers/speakers do not as a rule refer to themselves and do not anticipate any immediate participation from the addressees.

SEMI-FORMAL LEVEL = the style of language that does not nod towards the casualness or the punctiliousness as extremes of tone but tries to find a middle way. The semi-formal style is a compromising attempt to combine the careful structures and the strength of abstraction found in formality with the cordiality and explicitness of informality. This stylistic mean includes Joos' consultative style which supplies all the necessary background information to the reader.

INFORMAL LEVEL = the style of language may be casual, colloquial, easy, familiar, natural, relaxed, simple, unceremonious, unconstrained, unofficial, or even intimate which (according to Joos) does not require any information as it would be known to the participants.

Language is a product of the producer in relation with the receiver so that these levels of expression are a response to a combination of writer and reader in specific circumstances. Circumstances, like the situation of the language and the appropriateness of the tone, affect the language used and its rhythmic patterns. Zahra goes for the stylistic compromise found at the semi-formal level. In Joos' terminology, his style is consultative, a mode of communication that is standard exchange between strangers. And that is exactly how Zahra views his readers: strangers who need to be supplied with as complete background information as possible. That is why these short stories are full of descriptive material relating to old customs, traditional behaviour, past local mentality, conventional beliefs, explanations of dying trades and interests, and additional facts that give life to the stories. Rather than calling it consultative it would be better to call it collaborative because by supplying complete information about a situation he appeals to the reader to collaborate with him and participate in the action of the story. At the same time he maintains a pleasant personal relationship with the reader because he wants to take the 'stranger' in his confidence.

"Qalbu riedet tinqala' minn postha. Beda jibza' li sa jmut mal-lejl. ‘Ghada nqum qabel kulhadd u nigri nqerr!' beda jtenni lilu nnifsu. ‘Ghada nibda hajja gdida! Ma rridx nispicca gon-nirien ta' dejjem.' Il-passi tas-Seminaristi ghassiesa hasshom ikexkxulu demmu. Iz-zaqziq tas-sodod beda jahsdu. Id-dwal intfew u fissala waqghet dalma tal-wahx. Beda jghid it-talb kollu ta' tfulitu bil-herqa: l-att ta’ l-indiema, l-att tal-fidi, ta' l-anglu kustodju, ta' San Emidju li jehlisna mit-terremoti, ta' Santa Pelagja li tiskansana mill-mewt soptu... u kien mitluf fil-kurunelli u l-gakulatorji meta f'daqqa wahda deherlu li qed jara bhal dawl ilebleb. Nehha l-lizar minn fuq wiccu u berraq ghajnejh!  Mit-tarf tac-cella jilmah il-vampi telghin. Qam bil-wieqfa fuq is-saqqu u beda jwerzaq qisu mihnun! Is-Seminaristi gew jigru bil-bramel mimlijin qdusija u ilma tal-vit. Il-guvni ta' hdejh hareg jigri minn wara 1-paraventu liebes qalziet ta' taht sa fuq irkobbtejh.
‘Marjamadunna rqedt bis-sigarett f'idi!' beda jghidilhom ihokk rasu, irodd is-slaleb u jifli l-harqa daqsiex gol-genb tal-paraventu."
    (Is-Sigra taz-Zebbug)

At the colloquial level the dialectal features indicate an amount of intimacy and the use of the direct speech makes the idiom more relaxed ("nigri nqerr", "Marjamadunna"). But the writer does not allow his composition to drift into the casual style. He very cleverly organises the cohesion of the text and follows the conventions of literary syntax in his explanations and elaborations. The vocabulary is carefully thought out: "vampi" links up with "dawl ilebleb", "harqa" and "nirien ta' dejjem", and "bramel mimlijin qdusija" fits the context of "kurunelli", "gakulatorji", "talb", "Seminaristi ghassiesa". The entertainer felt he had to include the satirical sentence "Is-Seminaristi gew jigru bil-bramel mimlijin qdusija u ilma tal-vit", which is meant to moralistically diminish the failings of the institution. At the same time he fills up all the necessary cultural gaps ("San Emidju li jehlisna mit-terremoti", "Santa Pelagja li tiskansana mill-mewt soptu", "Seminaristi ghassiesa") which make the utterances comparatively free of context. The collaborative tone maintains a certain amount of warmth and directness but these are balanced by careful organisation, context-free structures, and the impersonal air of abstraction that phrases like "nirien ta' dejjem", "dalma tal-wahx", "qdusija" have. The writer is aware of his reader and he does not make barriers by being too austere or too intimate.

With his collaborative style as part of his idiolect Zahra believes he is the initiator of a receptive experience in his readers who have to be sufficiently assisted towards understanding the message. Adequate tonal qualities control emphasis and boost grammatical meaning, thus creating unambiguous rhythms in his prose design. In Fjuri Bbalzmati  he uses a southeasterly dialect for Celestina's speech not only for the freshness it gives to local colour through the rhythmically relevant vocalic variations but also (and primarily) because he is interested in humanity. A geographical dialect defines an intimate social group by place and so Celestina's speech is intimate language, but its intimacy is a group intimacy. And when she uses it with the narrator it is as if she is extending her hand of friendship. Her dialectal expressions are an indication of social acceptance. It takes her a while to enter into an intimate relationship with the narrator, but then when she does her tone reaches a semi-formal level.

"Ikunew fid-dlum, iwe. Imme mhewx kull men ikewn fid-dlum ikewn rieqed. Hemm isfil ikunew ghadhem farke zerrieghe jew basle ckejkne jew daqsxej' te' gherq. Imme jkollhem tberren ga qalbhem it-tifkire te' sene ilew. Tkewn tifkire mcajpre. Bhal hulma. Tifkire te' xemx shune u hdure te' haxejx u tpispejs te' ghasufar. Tifkire te' giri te' gremxewl, titjer ta' friefit u zanzejn te' nehel. U hemm juqughdu b'sabarhem jistinnew. U weqt li fid-dalme tel-lejl ikarwat fuq rushom ir-roghod u jfaqqghew is-sejjetti hume juqughdu juhulmu bi dhewl Marzew. U l-halejb bnejn niezil iqetter sa hdejhem u huma jixurbu fid-dlum biz-zejze f'halqhem. Imme ma jkunewx riqdejn. Riqdejn sabejh!"

Very deftly the vocalic elements representing dialectal phonemes create rhythmic patterns characteristic of the speech of simple folk, and the stress patterns in structures like "Ikunew fid-lum, iwe", "Bhal hulma", and "Riqdejn sabejh" (with its sharp unrefined irony) invest the writing with the informality of rustic colloquialism. Even her hypotactic structures (five consecutive sentences start with the conjunction "u") and the series of sentences built only of nominal groups (a series of nominal phrases elaborate on " tifkire") are imitations of speech. On the other hand, the repeated abstract term "tifkire" and the technical rural wisdom give the passage an aura of formality. The intimacy (a characteristic of an informal style) of the dialect is combined with the power of abstraction (a characteristic of a formal style) to convey an impression of a semi-formal tone. In addition to all this, the passage provides its own context (through the use of personification and explanation) and may become free of the situation presented by the short story, an element that contributes to the semi-formality of the tone.

Tonal qualities are varied even when the writer uses diary entries ( Ir-Ragel tal-Mustacci, L-Inkwatru) or speech defects (Bizzilla Sewda u Weraq tal-Liedna), but the writing is generally collaborative as Zahra elaborates his stories with the relevant contextual details. These details are subordinate elements because they are not the centre of interest, but they need to be explicitly described. At the same time, fully aware of the absence in writing of the interchange of the speech between speaker and hearer, he cultivates rhythms and connectives that indicate the appropriate emphasis to be given to his text. Hence his style is designed with a balance (supplied by an adequate rhythm that guides the reader) and a continuity (provided by linguistic devices) which combine with careful arrangement of details and elaboration (to qualify facts or items) to make up his collaborative or consultative style.

Tone shifts are a common occurrence in these stories most of which reflect the author's presence. They produce varying intensities of language that need to be channelled towards the entertainer's role. Consider the opening few paragraphs of Is-Sigra taz-Zebbug where the reader finds a shift of tone from the semi-formal to the colloquial and back again to the semi-formal as the story unfolds itself backward to depict events occurring previous to the opening. The very first sentence is meant to take the reader into the author's confidence because of the homophoric aspects of the proper nouns. The reader is expected to identify specific people, that is to know who Leli and Dun Pawl are. But the homophoric use does not contain a selfcontained reference and the reader has to wait for the flashback to learn who these two are. So the story begins with an informal tone and gradually eases into a collaborative one from which the writer often ventures again into informality.

Fluctuations of tone are foregrounded in Ir-ragel tal-Mustacci. The part when the narrator's uncle in the video indicates the copybook till the reading of the diary ranges in manner from the informal to the semi-formal to the formal and back again to the semi-formal and informal. The tonal span starts with the casual style of the questions representing Crocifisso's inner speech. Then the passage shifts to an elaboration, proceeding to the formal language of instruction. Then the formality relaxes with more narrative explanations and the language of the diary fluctuates from the semi-formal tone to the highly colloquial ("Oh...Carolina, Carolina... kieku qatt tista' tifhem!"). Zahra makes the tone follow the impulse of his writing, and these rhythmic swells produce varying densities of language that reflect the attitude of the writer who is primarily concerned with human values. The narrator passes through various emotional stages, represented by the tone shifts, till he arrives at the final realisation that compromise in love is a healthy formula.

The writer’s  attitude

One can be serious and intimate with a stranger in whom one confides. The writer must proceed with caution in affecting tonal change because some indices of tone might not be compatible with the theme. The creative writer appearing in the role of entertainer has, of course, a lot of freedom and Zahra's tone effectively and prudently spans broadly from the semi-formal to the informal most particularly. Tonal indices collectively determine his attitude to the reader and the theme. It is evident from his fluctuations of tone that he respects both very highly. Shifting from the collaborative tone one usually uses with strangers to the casual tone of familiarity is a reflection of a personality that is ready to confide in strangers, and at the same time the theme is often treated with the dignity associated with trust. The general impression of  Zahra's tone in these short stories (apart from the occasional humour of some utterances) is one of seriousness which rather complements the thematic disillusion and defeatism of some of these stories in the collection.

His collaborative and confiding tone arises from the interplay of grammatical, stylistic, lexical, semantic, and (sometimes even) typographical features that work in company to define an attitude. The use of the first person in the narrative is a powerful tool as a mask for the entertainer. The first person becomes the victim whom the reader must reprove or sympathise with.  Zahra uses the first person for subjectivity and it keeps convenient company with the imperative, the direct address, the structure of probability, the exclamation, and the interrogative expressing doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, or a critical attitude in inner speech. Such structures contrive a rather dramatic presentation.

"Issa li doqt imhabbitha ma jista' jissodisfani xejn aktar. Kif nista' nghix minghajrha? Jehtieg nerga' naraha. Ma, forsi qed tidhak bija... hux tassew! Forsi qed niskandalizzak. Inti bqajt dejjem fidila lejn missieri minkejja li qabad il-bieb u telaq. Ma, Tereza wkoll fidila lejja. Imma lit-tfajla nehtiegha. Qed tifhimna, Ma? Nehtieg naraha."
 (Riha ta’ Qronfol)

The stylistic compatibility between the above syntactic structures and the first and second persons buttress the collaborative-confiding tone as the devices keep the narrator's thoughts at a suitable proximity to the reader. The dream-reality infusion necessitates the use of these tonal indices for more subjectivity. They reflect the narrator's self-communings as the rhythm of the sentences expresses warmth and evoke emotion, and they represent the writer's conspiratorial appeal to the reader to share the narrator's experience. The same thing happens when he introduces parenthetical elements: "...qallu li ghal mument ckejken hass xewqa li jikseb (‘jikseb' u mhux ‘jisraq') dak il-kalci sabih... ( Is-Sigra taz-Zebbug). Apart from functioning as a focal reinforcement, the parenthesis shows the author's confidence and willingness to talk directly with his reader.

However, despite the overall collaborative tone he sometimes introduces a device that noticeably cools the manner of address in order to create the right atmosphere. The occasional passive transformation in the narrative -- commonly expressed in Maltese by the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth derived forms of the verb or by the use of kien/gie + the past participle of the verb ("meta l-akbar importanza kienet tinghata lit-Taljan “- Ir-Ragel tal-Mustacci; "l-ghodod l-ohrajn jixxellfu jew jinbarmu kemmxejn" - Deheb) -- conveys the impression of careful planning. And it has a tendency of producing a cool thoughtful tone, that is why it is not found often in Zahra's narrative.      Apart from the passive transformation another contributory feature that reduces the tonal warmth of the prose is the postponement of an element to induce narrative tension. The cleft sentence, "Kienet l-unika vara li tinsab kwazi catta ma' l-art" (Vari) -- which could easily have been L-unika vara kienet tinsab kwazi catta ma' l-art -- focuses on a transformed subject ("1-unika vara"). The stratagem creates the right psychological condition in the reader's mind as he puts a lot of weight on the postponed element. Similarly the perspective of an utterance might be changed by fronting a prepositional phrase as in "U fil-holm stramb ta' tfuliti min jaf kemm gieli dhalt niggerra o fih!" (Blokki ta’ Bini Lixx) --  cf  U min jaf kemm gieli dhalt niggerra go fih fil-holm stramb ta' tfulitil!  Such transpositions are important as indices of tone because they affect the rhythm that has to complement the sense, and sometimes he uses them as cohesive devices. "Mar-riha tal-kolla kienet tasalli wkoll dik tal-frieghi tac-cipress" (Blokki ta’ Bini Lixx) contains a fronted prepositional phrase that links up with the previous paragraph and a final prepositional phrase that bears an appreciable end-weight that acts as a springboard for the development of the following paragraph.

Incense at the altar of life

These short stories are prose narratives containing simple plots that borrow from the author's real life and that is why Zahra cultivates a collaborative-confiding tone. The environment and the atmosphere depicted are endowed with stylistic vigour and magnetism as the author projects on them his own feelings and those of his characters who are recognisably real life people from the past. Hence the stories sketch ordinary people. They are gleanings of the past. But the narrative's main purpose is to burrow into the dramatic experiences of the writer as a young man, that is why childhood and teenage problems feature so prominently and 90 interestingly in this collection. Lubien thus, may be viewed as an anthology of short stories that record a young man's events overflowing with psychological and/or emotional experiences: the author's reminiscences of his younger days oscillating between humour and tragic lament. It is an anthology about an inner life. If the reader is to take these young experiences as excerpts from the author's personal life pages (despite their creative gloss), then such a reader is bound to realise that Zahra is concerned with a central issue in his existence: namely, the marriage of his inner life with the more common fortunes of humanity. Man's desire for knowledge often leads him to discover the causes of things and being aware of one's self often leads to self-discovery, a process that must involve the past.

Youth, the great subject of most of  Zahra's works, is predominant in Lubien. What he portrays is the time he knew because he lived through it -- even if today some things have vanished. By his imagination he revives his teenage years in the sixties and his past childhood almost as myths. The village of his youth lives in his memory. The local setting is a natural expression of Zahra's involvement in the affairs of man. Short stories and even long short-stories are his forte. He is quite capable of conveying intrinsic human accounts (in the form of confessions, memoirs, impressions, dreams, and adventures) in a short uncomplicated plot. Short is beautiful with him. Childhood and youth seem to run through his adult veins so that he does not let them be forgotten as he sketches the attitudes of former days. Judging from other works of his, one would say he is greatly concerned and preoccupied with the process whereby a young man reaches full maturity. In a nutshell, perhaps, one can say he has a wide grasp of reality.

The implication of the title Lubien adds an effective dimension to these gleanings, most particularly to the first person narrative. Lubien means 'incense' and thus the title enlarges the range of the collection's message because it employs an outside reference which adds an unexpected perspective. It therefore builds a larger framework to the anthology with its implication that the author's past burns at the temple of the present which seeks clear weather -- the overall impression of his prose design, remember, is one of warmth. Such an implication makes the characters more representative of all men and of the whole world, for episodes which relate to humanity must have more than purely local interest.

Zahra's conception of the short story is one of great potential. The genre is a form of literary art that can explore life. It is in the nature of his short prose narrative to be concerned with a specific issue rather than with an abstract idea. Compromise in love, parental negligence, family alienation, love's perpetuation, man's appraisal of man, painful clashes of mentality, sexual initiation, childhood disillusions are but some of his themes. He treats one aspect of reality to depict a problem or portray a character with a problem which he dispatches to the reader with evocative undertones. His collaborative tone is well suited for the narrative which is concentrated on the one major situation with details working towards that situation. The tone is part of his overall technique of making the short story more dramatic. The short story's compression gives it great intensity of effect and the final product always conveys an impression of completeness. The reader feels that all that can be said about the situation has in fact been said, even when the end does not seem very conclusive as in Bocca tal-Hgieg whose final sentence remains syntactically unfinished implying continuation through repetition of the experience.

A good writer needs great powers of conception to explore the possibilities and limits of the genre for his benefit. A short story like Deheb, with its uncomplicated action, its embellishments of time, and the collaborative-confiding tone can hardly be distinguished from the narrative essay. The tool shed and the tools are real, and the time element is real. But the dialogue issues forth from the author's anthropocentricism which requires great creative energy. This composition, nodding towards the novella-essej (essay-shortstory), has symbolic value because of its metonymic quality. Thematically it is rather philosophical: people should not judge others especially when they do not know all the facts and boasting about work does not earn any honours because it is work itself which is a priceless treasure. Is-Sigra taz-Zebbug, concentrating as it does upon the conflict between the priest's traditional narrow-mindedness and the adolescent urge to experience life, is close to a page of local social history in the sixties. Whereas Fjuri Bbalzmati  produces its effects primarily by the implications of the dialogue and dialect used -- some of the action is reported -- and it can easily be rewritten as a dramatic representation for the stage.

The entire collection may be taken as a documentary of personal experiences, but it is still fiction. These short stories have been conceived as novelli, and that is what the author calls them. So they have to be seen against the background of the development of the Maltese novella which grew to maturity side by side the Maltese novel during the twentieth century. The novella, a short prose narrative of indeterminate length, has often been treated as a fictional narrative dealing with a single event, situation, or conflict, or it could deal with an aspect of character or even a contrast of characters. And usually it produces an element of surprise or suspense as it leads to something that is unexpected, a turning point. Thus, the element of surprise generally comes in the conclusion despite the novella' s logical end. The single situation it depicts can be comic or tragic but it is often thrown into strong relief against the dramatic or unexpected issue. The novella ' s objects have always been human actions with an inherent interest, and these actions have to be communicated to the reader in an attractive manner by the art of the prose writer.

Beckoning shadows

The real subject of these short stories is the author.

The first person technique Zahra adopts in most of these short stories is well suited for his entertaining role as a narrator drawing from his past as he rummages "fil-qieghnett gol-kexxun ta' tfuliti" ( as he says in Vari) . His concern with the issue of man's relationship with external reality sends him probing into regions which are outside the laws of nature. He draws on dream experiences to move between reality and imagination. In the process he creates supernatural stories that convey the sense of the preternatural powers. He has to make use of the concentric strategy. The story-within-a-story convention is a structural device that adds to the dramatic quality of the novella by helping the imagination to open up whole abysses. He sets a story or a series of events within the confines of the novella for the purpose of contrast, elaboration, or even irony. In other words, the thematic relevance of inserting vignettes or impressive incidents inside the larger frame is to deepen exposition or character. Zahra, serious and genuinely imaginative, accomplishes this by means of flashbacks and digressions, and introduces a subjectivity and a forceful economy of construction that seek to unfold and decode aspects of reality.

Vari has a very strong horror element because of the fear generated by the man's imagination in his childhood and by his frequent, vicious dreams -- Atanas anagrammatically gives satana. What lurks beyond the frontiers of consciousness? The narrator tries to understand the significance of the inner life that springs into sinister and menacing activity. The dreamer associates his dreams with esoteric belief crammed into his childhood psychology creating forces in the well of life that contains devastating power over his destiny. Good and evil are often so akin that only specialised knowledge can discern the difference between them. Convention as a repressive censor of feelings is ineffective. The dreamer seeks professional help for the interpretation of his dreams and he draws upon his inner resources as he reveals himself striving towards the paths of light to eradicate dark fear. But he cannot and this is hell located in his mind, part of his state of consciousness also "for where we are is hell", says Mephistophilis in Marlowe's Dr Faustus. Mephistophilis' concept of hell becomes real in this story as horror is piled on horror in ghoulish dreams that make the novella a journey into a subjective, inner hell.

"Imma l-aghar holma minnhom ilkoll waslitli ftit iljieli ilu. It-tkexkixa taghha nhossha ghadha fuqi u kienet din li qanqlitni biex nigi hawnhekk infittex l-ghajnuna. Il-holm kollu li semmejtlek kont ili xi tliet xhur ma noholmu, izda issa li giet din il-holma min jaf x'hemm lest ghalija. Min jaf x'varjanti qed jigu kkompilati... jistennew wahda wara min imissha biex jigu jzuruni lejl wara lejl"

As the frontiers of man's consciousness shift a psychological hell is created and it is made to accompany the narrator in every stage of his life. His horror dreams experienced in cold sweat are a personal source of terror revealing the chaos in a disturbed and tormented mind: "Se nibqa' hemmhekk maqbud f'biza' permanenti u etern." The nerve-racking visions open up abysses of fear. And the ultimate horror is that the narrator, who has now become a father, transmits (unwillingly, perhaps) his psychological hell to his son as he repeats the imposition of convention's uncertain vigilance. It is a never-ending story. The end links up with the beginning to start all over again. There is no end to this fear.

The repetition of similar experiences from one generation to another is also a theme in Ir-Ragel tal-Mustacci  a ghost story of hope. Ziju Kruc unbound by natural law manifests himself in video frames, but his intrusive presence is felt throughout so that the story with its strong sense of the past is an interplay between the living and the dead. As in a primordial environment the supernatural guides the natural, not to depict a state of guilt or fear, but to lead to a fulfilment of a sociopsychological need. Crocifisso Zammit, the narrator, explores his state of consciousness as he examines aspects of the supernatural and reality, and as he investigates the meaning of existence he realises that compromise is a healthy solution to love.

Despite the occasional humorous streak running through their prose, stories like Ir-Ragel tal-Mustacci, Vari, L-Inkwatru, Fjuri Bbalzmati, Ghabex, Blokki ta' Bini Lixx, and Riha ta’ Qronfol  contain none the less alarming or frightening situations. They are able to shock or frighten the readers and may at times induce a feeling of repulsion, even if some of them only contain inset hideous episodes. Zahra had previously experimented with thrillers and tales of mystery, suspense, and science-fiction (see his adventure stories for children), and explored the literary possibilities of the dream (in Holm tal-Milied? where statues assume life-like roles as they enter the psychological realm of a child) and the supernatural (in Is-Seba’ Trongiet Mewwija). All these elements manure the imagination that tries to make horror the central theme of a story. In the short stories man experiences fear, hysteria, and madness. He walks towards the dark side of the mind and sometimes he even approaches a state of barbarism. Zahra achieves his effects by combining a broad vision of human nature with the accumulation of telling details.

Exploring the limits of people's capabilities and experiences the writer (interested in the individual, rather than the group, within society) must venture into chaotic, psychological realms. The psychopathic condition of Celestina (Fjuri Bbalzmati) is quite evident in her speech:

"Daw' zgewr ma jmewtu qett," ziedet tghid hija u tqalleb u titbissem, "ghax daw' ingebru weqt li kinew fl-eqwe taghhem. Ma thallewx imewtu. Issa aruwhem... haw' ma jmewtu qett. Jibqghew dejjem sbeh."

Her obsession to capture beauty and let it live forever almost leads her to murder the young Bertu. Her husband's fatal fall sends her into a psychic trauma and produces an emotional wasteland that can only be sustained by a macabre philosophy of life. Because despite the attraction of immortality, the idea of never being able to die is gruesome as it makes life an eternal trap. Celestina too is living in hell. Her condition is extreme. Her intense grief for the death of her husband overwhelms her. Her feeling of irredeemable loss begets her obsessive nature. "Qatt mhew sewwe li tkewn hej. " Paradoxically this old lady believes that a young death gives eternal life whereas old age drags death with it. And the surprise in the final sentence of the novella hurls a deadly blow to common sense.

There is in Trevor Zahra a pervasive sense of the past. He uses recurrent themes like childhood, adolescence, the return to his village life, and traditional issues to recreate the former days of his life. His characters are not heroic but essentially committed insiders -- insiders because they take the reader into their confidence like trusted friends who need to know everything. Their vision of the world is clear once they pass through a trying experience. Zahra's interest in the past is what gives him his creative stories and he wants to take us into his confidence. His collaborative-confiding tone is therefore essential to guide us in the meanderings of his rummaging. Without this style the novelli would lose much of their subtlety -- and they would definitely lose their Zahrean flavour. With that style -- and one must remember that Zahra is fundamentally a realist even when he conducts psychological analysis -- he has found the right balance between realism of form and thematic content without lapsing into literary mannerism. This, however, does not preclude him from using cinematic techniques in his prose.

In most of the short stories in Lubien Zahra uses the first person narrative which gives a specific, ground-level view of the situation in question. The narrator, with his personality, is as important as the story because he is often very much attached to the experience that he is narrating. It is a case of a confiding voice urgently establishing a relationship with the reader. These narrators are frequently disturbed people or people who have suffered a crisis or passed through a strange experience and are about to lose their hold on life or to lose their identity. Narrating their affairs is their way of regaining their stability, retrieving their hold on life. They are different moods of the author. Those narrators are Trevor Zahra himself in different moments after the death of his wife and the coming of age of his two children (one of whom married and the other became dedicated to a full career in music). Both experiences left him lonesome but not creatively void -- during this period he was also composing Is-Seba' Trongiet Mewwija. His short stories entertain but they also help him to 
recover. His creativity is therapeutic, full of outpourings of the heart.